Les llengües numic constitueixen un dels grups que formen la divisió meridional de les llengües uto-asteques, parlades a Amèrica del Nord. Inclou nombroses llengües parlades pels indígenes que habiten a la Gran Conca, el riu Colorado i el sud de les Grans Planures. La paraula numic, que dona nom a aquesta agrupació lingüística, deriva del cognat per a persona present en les llengües del grup. Per exemple, en xoixoni la paraula és neme; en timbisha és nümü; en paiute, nuwuvi; i en kawaiisu, nuwa.
Classificació i subagrupament Les llengües numic són agrupades en els tres vessants següents: Llengües numic centrals ComanxeLila Wistrand Robinson & James Armagost. 1990. Comanche Dictionary and Grammar. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics Publication 92. Dallas, Texas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington.Jean O. Charney. 1993. A Grammar of Comanche. Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Timbisha (continu dialectal les principals varietats del qual són l'occidental, centralJon P. Dayley. 1989. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 115. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.Jon P. Dayley. 1989. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 116. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. i oriental).John E. McLaughlin. 2006. Timbisha (Panamint). Languages of the World/Materials 453. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa. XoixonJohn E. McLaughlin. 2012. Shoshoni Grammar. Languages of the World/Materials 488. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa. (continu dialectal les principals varietats del qual són l'occidental,Richley H. Crapo. 1976. Big Smokey Valley Shoshoni. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences 10. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Beverly Crum & Jon Dayley. 1993. Western Shoshoni Grammar. Boise State University Occasional Papers and Monographs in Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics Volume No. 1. Boise, Idaho: Department of Anthropology, Boise State University. gosiute,Wick R. Miller. 1972. Newe Natekwinappeh: Shoshoni Stories and Dictionary. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 94. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Wick R. Miller. 1996. "Sketch of Shoshone, a Uto-Aztecan Language," Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17, Languages. Ed. Ives Goddard. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Pages 693–720.Dirk Allen Elzinga. 1999. "The Consonants of Gosiute", University of Arizona Ph.D. dissertation. septentrional,Drusilla Gould & Christopher Loether. 2002. An Introduction to the Shoshoni Language: Dammen Daigwape. Salt Lake City, Utah: The University of Utah Press. i oriental).D.B. Shimkin. 1949. "Shoshone, I: Linguistic Sketch and Text," International Journal of American Linguistics 15:175-188.D. B. Shimkin. 1949. "Shoshone II: Morpheme List," International Journal of American Linguistics 15.203-212.Malinda Tidzump. 1970. Shoshone Thesaurus. Grand Forks, North Dakota. Llengües numic meridionals KawaiisuMaurice L. Zigmond, Curtis G. Booth, & Pamela Munro. 1991. Kawaiisu, A Grammar and Dictionary with Texts. Ed. Pamela Munro. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 119. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Paiute (les principals varietats del qual són el chemewevi,Margaret L. Press. 1979. Chemehuevi, A Grammar and Lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 92. Berkeley, California. University of California Press.Laird, Carobeth. 1976. The Chemehuevis. Malki Museum Press, Banning, California. paiute meridionalEdward Sapir. 1930. Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language. Reprinted in 1992 in: The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, X, Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography. Ed. William Bright. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.Edward Sapir. 1931. Southern Paiute Dictionary. Reprinted in 1992 in: The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, X, Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography. Ed. William Bright. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.Pamela A. Bunte. 1979. "Problems in Southern Paiute Syntax and Semantics," Indiana University Ph.D. dissertation. i ute).Talmy Givón. 2011. Ute Reference Grammar. Culture and Language Use Volume 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Jean O. Charney. 1996. A Dictionary of the Southern Ute Language. Ignacio, Colorado: Ute Press. Llengües numic occidentals Mono (dos dialectes principals: orientalSidney M. Lamb. 1957. "Mono Grammar," University of California, Berkeley Ph.D. dissertation.Rosalie Bethel, Paul V. Kroskrity, Christopher Loether, & Gregory A. Reinhardt. 1993. A Dictionary of Western Mono. 2nd edition. i occidental).Evan J. Norris. 1986. "A Grammar Sketch and Comparative Study of Eastern Mono," University of California, San Diego Ph.D. dissertation. Paiute septentrionalSven Liljeblad, Catherine S. Fowler, & Glenda Powell. 2012. The Northern Paiute-Bannock Dictionary, with an English-Northern Paiute-Bannock Finder List and a Northern Paiute-Bannock-English Finder List. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. (els dialectes del qual més coneguts són el del sud de Nevada,Anonymous. 1987. Yerington Paiute Grammar. Anchorage, Alaska: Bilingual Education Services.Arie Poldevaart. 1987. Paiute-English English-Paiute Dictionary. Yerington, Nevada: Yerington Paiute Tribe. nord de Nevada,Allen Snapp, John Anderson, & Joy Anderson. 1982. "Northern Paiute," Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar, Volume 3, Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches. Ed. Ronald W. Langacker. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics Publication Number 57, Volume III. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. Pages 1–92. Oregon,Timothy John Thornes. 2003. "A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts," University of Oregon Ph.D. dissertation. i Bannock.Sven Liljeblad. 1966-1967. "Northern Paiute Lessons," manuscript.Sven Liljeblad. 1950. "Bannack I: Phonemes," International Journal of American Linguistics 16:126–131
A part dels comantxe, cadascun d'aquests grups conté una llengua parlada en una àrea petita al sud de Sierra Nevada i a les valls de l'est (Mono, Timbisha, i Kawaiisu), i una llengua parlada en una àrea molt més gran que s'estén al nord i a l'est (Paiute del nord, xoixoni, i Ute-Paiute del sud). Alguns lingüistes han pres aquest patró com una indicació que els pobles de parla numic expandits fa molt poc d'un petit nucli, potser prop de la Vall d'Owens, en la seva àrea de distribució actual. Aquesta opinió està recolzada per estudis lexicoestadístics.James A. Goss. 1968. "Culture-Historical Inference from Utaztekan Linguistic Evidence," Utaztekan Prehistory. Ed. Earl H. Swanson, Jr. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, Number 22. Pages 1–42. La reconstrucció de l'etnobiologia proto-numic de Fowler també apunta a la regió del sud de Sierra Nevada com la pàtria del proto-numic fa aproximadament dos mil anys.Catherine Louise Sweeney Fowler. 1972. "Comparative Numic Ethnobiology". University of Pittsburgh PhD dissertation. Recents estudis de l'ADN mitocondrial han donat suport a aquesta hipòtesi lingüística.Frederika A. Kaestle and David Glenn Smith. 2001. "Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Prehistoric Population Movement," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:1–12. L'antropòleg Peter N. Jones creu que aquesta evidència pot ser de naturalesa circumstancial,Peter N. Jones. 2005. Respect for the Ancestors: American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West. Boulder, CO: Bauu Institute. però això és una opinió clarament minoritària entre els especialistes en Numic.David B. Madsen & David Rhode, ed. 1994. Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa. University of Utah Press.
Els comantxe se separaren dels xoixoni tan aviat com adquiriren cavalls cap al 1705. Les llengües comantxe i xoixoni són força similars encara que certs canvis de baix nivell de consonants en el comantxe han inhibit la intel·ligibilitat mútua.John E. McLaughlin. 1992. “A Counter-Intuitive Solution in Central Numic Phonology,” International Journal of American Linguistics 58:158–181.John E. McLaughlin. 2000. “Language Boundaries and Phonological Borrowing in the Central Numic Languages,” Uto-Aztecan: Temporal and Geographical Perspectives. Ed. Gene Casad and Thomas Willett. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Pp. 293–304.
Majors canvis sonors El sistema de so del numic es mostra en les següents taules.David Iannucci. 1972. "Numic historical phonology," Cornell University PhD dissertation.Michael Nichols. 1973. "Northern Paiute historical grammar," University of California, Berkeley PhD dissertationWick R. Miller. 1986. "Numic Languages," Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11, Great Basin. Ed. by Warren L. d'Azevedo. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Pages 98-106.Wick Miller, Dirk Elzinga, and John E. McLaughlin. 2005. "Preaspiration and Gemination in Central Numic," International Journal of American Linguistics 71:413–444.
Vocals El Proto-Numic té un total de cinc vocals. anterior posteriorno arrodonida posteriorarrodonida Alta No Alta Consonants El Proto-Numic té el següent inventari consonàntic: Bilabial Coronal Palatal Velar Labializadavelar Glotal Oclusiva Africada Fricativa Nasal () Semivocal
Endemé de les consonants simples de dalt, el proto-numic també tenia grups nasals/africats i totes les consonants podien ser geminades llevat , , , id . Entre vocals curtes les consonants podien ser lenitives.
Llista de cognats Mono Paiutedel nord Timbisha Xoixoni Comantxe Kawaiisu Paiutedel sud Proto-Numic 'caçar' hoa hoa hɨwa hɨa hɨa hɨa oa *hoa |- align=center ! 'plorar' | jaɣa || jaɣa || jaɣa || jaɣai || jake || jaɣi || jaɣa | *jaka 'muntanya' kaiβa kaiβa keeβi kaiβa *kaipa |- align=center ! 'bison' | kuttsu || kuttsuvaca || kwittʃuvaca || kuittʃunvaca || kuhtsuvaca || || kuttsu | *kuttsu 'orella' nakka nakkanagga naŋga naŋg naki naɣaβiβi naŋkaβɨnakka- *naŋka |- align=center ! 'mesquite' | || || oɸimbɨ || oɸi || || oβi(m)bɨ || oppimpɨ | *oppimpɨ
Comparació lèxica Els numerals per a diferents llengües numic són: {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center; |- ! ! Timbisa !! Monochi !! Paiuteseptent. ! |- | '1' || sɨmɨ || sɨˈmɨʔɨ || sɨmɨʔyu || *sɨmɨʔ- |- | '2' || waha || wahai || wahaʔyu || *waha-yu |- | '3' || pahi || pahī || pahaiʔyu || *paha(i)-yu |- | '4' || wat¢ɨwi || waˈ¢ɨˈkwī || wa¢ikʷɨʔyu || *wa¢ikʷɨ-yu |- | '5' || manɨki || manɨkī || maniɣiʔyu || *manɨki-yu |- | '6' || nāpai || nāpahī || napahaiʔyu || *nāpah(a)i-yu |- | '7' || tāt¢ɨwi || tāˈ¢ɨwɨi || ta¢ɨmɨʔyu || *tā¢ɨwɨi-yu |- | '8' || wōsɨwi || wōˈsɨwɨi || woɡɡʷosɨɡɡʷɨʔyu || *wōsɨwɨ-yu |- | '9' || wanikki || qwanɨˈkī || sɨmɨkaɾoʔyu || *kʷanɨki-yu |- | '10' || sīmō || sīwanoi || sɨmɨmɨnoʔyu || *sɨmɨmano-yu |} La major part de les transcripcions anteriors es basen en l'alfabet fonètic americanista.
Referències