Nella storia degli Stati Uniti con Gilded Age, in italiano Età dell'oro o Età dorata statunitense, ci si riferisce al periodo che va dal 1870 al 1901, partendo dalla presidenza di Ulysses S. Grant per terminare con la presidenza di William McKinley.
Storia
Il termine per questo periodo entrò in uso nei decenni del 1920 e 1930 e fu derivato dal romanzo L'età dell'oro del 1873 dello scrittore Mark Twain, che satireggia un'epoca di gravi problemi sociali mascherati da una sottile doratura. La Gilded Age coincide grosso modo con la seconda metà dell'età vittoriana in Gran Bretagna e la prima metà della Belle Époque in Francia.
L'età dell'oro statunitense è stata un periodo di rapida crescita economica, in particolare nel nord e nell'ovest. Poiché i salari americani erano diventati molto superiori a quelli europei, soprattutto per i lavoratori qualificati, il periodo vide un afflusso di milioni di immigrati europei oltreoceano. La rapida espansione dell'industrializzazione portò alla crescita dei salari reali del 60% tra il 1860 e il 1890, distribuiti tra la sempre crescente forza lavoro. Il salario medio annuo per lavoratore industriale (tra cui uomini, donne e bambini) passò da circa $380 nel 1880 a $564 nel 1890, un incremento del 48%. Tuttavia, l'età dell'oro statunitense fu anche un'epoca di povertà e disuguaglianza, poiché milioni di immigrati - molti provenienti da nazioni europee impoverite - si riversarono negli Stati Uniti in massa e l'alta concentrazione della ricchezza diventò più visibile e controversa (ciò avrebbe portato al periodo del populismo di fine Ottocento e nel 1909 a introdurre il XVI emendamento della Costituzione e a istituire una income tax stabile e permanente).
Note
Bibliografia Archdeacon, Thomas J. Becoming American: An Ethnic History (1984) on immigration and ethnicity Argersinger; Peter H. Structure, Process, and Party: Essays in American Political History. (1992) online version Arnesen, Eric, ed. Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History (3 vol. 2006), essays by scholars
Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, eds. Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. (2005). 1256 pp. in three volumes. ISBN 0-7656-8051-3; 900 essays by 200 scholars
De Santis, Vincent P. "The Political Life of the Gilded Age: A Review of the Recent Literature." The History Teacher 9.1 (1975): 73-106. in JSTOR
Faulkner, Harold U.; Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890–1900 (1959), scholarly survey, strong on economic and political history online edition Fink, Leon. The Long Gilded Age: American Capitalism and the Lessons of a New World Order (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015) excerpt Folsom, Burton W., and Forrest McDonald, The Myth of the Robber Barons: A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America (1991), by leading conservative scholars Fraser, Steve (2015). The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316185434. Garraty, John A. The New Commonwealth, 1877–1890, 1968 scholarly survey, strong on economic and political history Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp 149–180; online version Kirkland, Edward C. Industry Comes of Age, Business, Labor, and Public Policy 1860–1897 (1961), standard survey Kleppner; Paul. The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures U of North Carolina Press, (1979) online version Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (1969) online edition Morgan, H. Wayne ed. The Gilded Age: A Reappraisal Syracuse University Press 1970. interpretive essays Nevins, Allan. The Emergence of Modern America, 1865–1878 (1933) ISBN 0-403-01127-2, social history Rees, Jonathan. Industrialization and the Transformation of American Life: A Brief Introduction (M.E. Sharpe, 2013) 139 pp Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Rise of the City: 1877–1898 (1933), social history of big city life
Shannon, Fred A. The Farmer's Last Frontier: 1860–1897 (1945) survey of economic history online edition Smythe, Ted Curtis; The Gilded Age Press, 1865–1900 (2003). ; newspapers and magazines ; Pulitzer prize. Trachtenberg, Alan. The incorporation of America: Culture and society in the gilded age (2007) chapter 5 online 276pp Wagner, David. Ordinary People: In and Out of Poverty in the Gilded Age (2008); traces people who were at one time in a poor house White, Richard. "Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby: A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington, D.C.", Southern Spaces, 16 April 2009. Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877--1913 (1951).
Link, William A., and Susannah J. Link, eds. The Gilded Age and Progressive Era: A Documentary Reader (2012) Excerpt and text search
Collegamenti esterni , scholarly quarterly More general information to the Gilded Age on the Library of Congress by Rebecca Edwards, Vassar College Documenting the Gilded Age: New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century (NYARC) Documenting the Gilded Age: New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century (NYARC) Phase 2 Gilding the Gilded Age: Interior Decoration Tastes & Trends in New York City (A collaboration between The Frick Collection and The William Randolph Hearst Archive at LIU Post) Phase 3 WWW-VL: History: United States: The Gilded Age, 1876–1900 by Robert Spencer, University of Southern Maine. An extensive collection of materials. America's Wealth in the Gilded Age accessed March 29, 2006 Illinois During the Gilded Age, 1866–1896, primary documents; from Northern Illinois University Libraries Harper's Weekly 150 cartoons on elections 1860–1912; Reconstruction topics; Chinese exclusion; plus American Political Prints from the Library of Congress, 1766–1876 Elections 1860–1912 as covered by Harper's Weekly; news, editorials, cartoons (many by Thomas Nast see also ) "Graphic Witness" caricatures in history Gilded Age & Progressive Era Cartoons, industry, labor, politics, prohibition from Ohio State University Puck cartoons Keppler cartoons 1892 cartoons Slum Life In New York City During the Nineteenth Century's Gilded Age
Categoria:Storia degli Stati Uniti d'America (1865-1918)
Categoria:Presidenza di Ulysses S. Grant Categoria:Era della Ricostruzione