Hispanoamericanii și latinoamericanii din Statele Unite ale Americii (eng.: Hispanic and Latino Americans, spa. Hispanos y latinoamericanos) sunt o minoritate etnică din Statele Unite ale cărei persoane provin din America Latină sau Spania, respectiv acele persoane care sunt vorbitoare de limba spaniolă sau portugheză.
În urma recensământului din 2011, 52.045.277 persoane, respectiv 16, 7% din cetățenii Statelor Unite s-au declarat hispanici sau latinoamericani. Hispanicii și latinoamericanii din SUA reprezintă grupul etnic cel mai prolific, 26% dintre nou-născuții americani aparținând acestui grup etnico-lingvistic.
De fapt, factorul de legătură al acestui grup etnico-lingvistic îl constituie limba pentru că, din punct de vedere genetic, membrii săi pot aparține atât rasei albe (spanioli, portughezi), rasei negre (urmașii sclavilor africani din țările latinoamericane) cât și rasei galbene (populațiile amerindiene: maya, quechua, aymara, etc) sau încrucișării dintre acestea.
Demografie
Populația după originea națională (2010)(etnie auto-identificată, nu după locul nașterii)United States Census Bureau: "The Hispanic Population 2010 Census Brief: Table 1. "Hispanic or Latino Origin Population by Type: 2000 and 2010" May 2011 Grup hispanicPopulație% din Hispanici Mexicani31,798,25863.0 Puerto Ricani4,623,7169.2 Cubanezi1,785,5473.5 Salvadorieni1,648,9683.3 Dominicani1,414,7032.8 Guatemalezi1,044,2092.1 Columbieni908,7341.8 Spanioli635,2531.3 Hondurieni633,4011.3 Ecuadorieni564,6311.1 Peruani531,3581.1 Nicaraguani348,2020.7 Argentinieni224,9520.4 Venezuelani215,0230.4 Panamanezi165,4560.3 Chilieni126,8100.3 Costa Ricani126,4180.3 Bolivieni99,2100.2 Uruguayeni56,8840.1 Paraguayeni20,023-Alții3,505,8386.9Total50,477,594100
+Zone metropolitane ale SUA cu peste 1 milion de hispanici (2011) Poziție Zonă metropolitană Hispanici Procent de hispanici din total 1 Los Angeles, California5,804,00045% 2New York, New York 4,317,000 24% 3 Houston, Texas 2,105,000 37% 4 Riverside, California 2,062,000 48% 5 Chicago, Illinois 1,971,000 22% 6 Dallas, Texas 1,809,000 28% 7 Miami, Florida 1,627,000 65% 8 Phoenix, Arizona 1,163,000 30% 9 San Francisco, California 1,114,000 23% 10 San Antonio, Texas 1,112,000 56% 11 San Diego, California 1,021,000 33%
+Statele cu cele mai numeroși hispanici (2012) Poziție Stat Procent de hispanici 1 New Mexico 47% 2California 38% 3 Texas 38% 4 Arizona 30% 5 Nevada 27% 6 Florida 23% 7 Colorado 21% 8 New Jersey 19% 9 New York 18% 10 Illinois 16%
Vezi și Americani albi Afro-americani Latini Popoare latine
Referințe
Bibliografie Studii și istoriografie Bean, Frank D., and Marta Tienda. The Hispanic Population of the United States (1987), statistical analysis of demography and social structure Miguel A. De La Torre. Encyclopedia on Hispanic American Religious Culture (2 vol. ABC-CLIO Publishers, 2009). De Leon, Arnoldo, and Richard Griswold Del Castillo. North to Aztlan: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States (2006) Garcia, Richard A. "Changing Chicano Historiography," Reviews in American History 34.4 (2006) 521-528 in Project Muse Gomez-Quiñones, Juan. Mexican American Labor, 1790-1990. (1994). Gutiérrez, David G. ed. The Columbia History of Latinos in the United States Since 1960 (2004) 512pp excerpt and text search Gutiérrez, David G. "Migration, Emergent Ethnicity, and the 'Third Space'": The Shifting Politics of Nationalism in Greater Mexico" Journal of American History 1999 86(2): 481-517. in JSTOR covers 1800 to the 1980s Leonard, David J. Latino History and Culture: An Encyclopedia (Sharpe Reference 2009) Oboler, Suzanne, and Deena J. González, eds. The Oxford Encyclopedia Of Latinos & Latinas In The United States (4 vol. 2006) excerpt and text search Rochín, Refugio I., and Denis N. Valdés, eds. Voices of a New Chicana/o History. (2000). 307 pp. Ruiz, Vicki L. “Nuestra América: Latino History as United States History,” Journal of American History, 93 (2006), 655–72. in JSTOR Ruiz, Vicki L. From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (1998)
Pre 1965 Bogardus, Emory S. The Mexican in the United States (1934), sociological Gamio, Manuel. The Life Story of the Mexican Immigrant (1931) Gamio, Manuel. Mexican Immigration to the United States (1939) García, Mario T. Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology and Identity, 1930–1960 (1989) García, Mario T. Desert Immigrants. The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880-1920 (1982) 348 pp; excerpt and text search Gomez-Quinones, Juan. Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600-1940 (1994) Grebler, Leo, Joan Moore, and Ralph Guzmán. The Mexican American People: The Nation's Second Largest Minority (1970), emphasis on census data and statistics Rivas-Rodríguez, Maggie ed. Mexican Americans and World War II (2005) Sanchez, George J. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (1995) excerpt and text search
Cultură și politică, post 1965 Abrajano, Marisa A., and R. Michael Alvarez, eds. New Faces, New Voices: The Hispanic Electorate in America (Princeton University Press; 2010) 219 pages. Documents the generational and other diversity of the Hispanic electorate and challenges myths about voter behavior. Aranda, José, Jr. When We Arrive: A New Literary History of Mexican America. U. of Arizona Press, 2003. 256 pp. Arreola, Daniel D., ed. Hispanic Spaces, Latino Places: Community and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary America. 2004. 334 pp. Badillo, David A. Latinos and the New Immigrant Church. 2006. 275 pp. excerpt and text search Berg, Charles Ramírez. Latino Images in Film: Stereotypes, Subversion, and Resistance. 2002. 314 pp. Branton, Regina. "Latino Attitudes toward Various Areas of Public Policy: The Importance of Acculturation," Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 2, 293-303 (2007) Abstract Cepeda, Raquel. Bird of Paradise: How I Became Latina Atria Books. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4516-3586-7. A personal exploration of Dominican American identity via family interviews, travel and genetic genealogy. Synopsis and Excerpt DeGenova, Nicholas and Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. Latino Crossings: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Race and Citizenship. 2003. 257 pp. Dolan, Jay P. and Gilberto M. Hinojosa; Mexican Americans and the Catholic Church, 1900-1965 (1994) Fregoso, Rosa Linda. The Bronze Screen: Chicana and Chicano Film Culture. (1993) excerpt and text search García, Mario T. Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology and Identity, 1930–1960 (1989) García, María Cristina. Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, The United States, and Canada. (2006) 290pp Gomez-Quinones, Juan. Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990 (1990) Gutiérrez, David G. Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity in the Southwest, 1910-1986 1995. excerpt and text search Hammerback, John C., Richard J. Jensen, and Jose Angel Gutierrez. A War of Words: Chicano Protest in the 1960s and 1970s 1985. Herrera-Sobek, Maria. Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions (3 vol., 2012) excerpt and text search Kanellos, Nicolás, ed. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Latino Literature (3 vol. 2008) excerpt and text search Kenski, Kate and Tisinger, Russell. "Hispanic Voters in the 2000 and 2004 Presidential General Elections." Presidential Studies Quarterly 2006 36(2): 189-202. Issn: 0360-4918 López-Calvo, Ignacio. Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction: The Cultural Production of Social Anxiety. University of Arizona Press, 2011. ISBN 0-8165-2926-4 Martinez, Juan Francisco. Sea La Luz: The Making of Mexican Protestantism in the American Southwest, 1829-1900 (2006) Matovina, Timothy. Guadalupe and Her Faithful: Latino Catholics in San Antonio, from Colonial Origins to the Present. 2005. 232 pp. excerpt and text search Meier, Matt S., and Margo Gutierrez, ed. Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement (2000) excerpt and text search Nuno, S. A. "Latino Mobilization and Vote Choice in the 2000 Presidential Election" American Politics Research, (2007); 35(2): 273 - 293. Abstract Saldívar-Hull, Sonia. Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature 2000. excerpt and text search Wegner, Kyle David, “Children of Aztlán: Mexican American Popular Culture and the Post-Chicano Aesthetic” (PhD dissertation State University of New York, Buffalo, 2006). Order No. DA3213898.
Regionale și locale Overmyer-Velazquez, Mark. Latino America: A State-by-State Encyclopedia (2 vol. 2008) excerpt and text search
California Hubert Howe Bancroft. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol 18-24, History of California to 1890 Bedolla, Lisa García. Fluid Borders: Latino Power, Identity, and Politics in Los Angeles. 2005. 279 pp. Burt, Kenneth C. The Search for a Civic Voice: California Latino Politics (2007) excerpt and text search Camarillo, Albert. Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848–1930 (1979) Camarillo, Albert M., “Cities of Color: The New Racial Frontier in California’s Minority-Majority Cities,” Pacific Historical Review, 76 (Feb. 2007), 1–28; looks at cities of Compton, East Palo Alto, and Seaside Daniel, Cletus E. Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870-1941 1981. García, Matt. A World of Its Own: Race, Labor, and Citrus in the Making of Greater Los Angeles, 1900-1970 (2001), Hayes-Bautista, David E. La Nueva California: Latinos in the Golden State. U. of California Press, 2004. 263 pp. excerpt and text search Hughes, Charles. "The Decline of the Californios: The Case of San Diego, 1846-1856" The Journal of San Diego History Summer 1975, Volume 21, Number 3 online at McWilliams, Carey. North from Mexico. (1949), farm workers in California Pitt, Leonard. The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish speaking Californians, 1846-1890 (ISBN 0-520-01637-8) Sánchez; George J. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (1993) excerpt and text search Valle, Victor M. and Torres, Rodolfo D. Latino Metropolis. 2000. 249 pp. on Los Angeles
Texas și Sud-vest Alonzo, Armando C. Tejano Legacy: Rancheros and Settlers in South Texas, 1734-1900 (1998) Hubert Howe Bancroft. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, v 15: History of the North Mexican States and Texas, Volume 1: 1531 - 1800 v 16 History of the North Mexican States and Texas, Volume 2: 1801 - 1889 Vol. 17 History of Arizona and New Mexico (1530-1888) (1889) Blackwelder, Julia Kirk. Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio 1984. excerpt and text search Buitron Jr., Richard A. The Quest for Tejano Identity in San Antonio, Texas, 1913-2000 (2004) excerpt and text search Chávez, John R. The Lost Land: The Chicano Image of the Southwest (Albuquerque, 1984) Chávez-García, Miroslava. Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s (2004). De León, Arnoldo. They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821–1900 (Austin, 1983) De León, Arnoldo. Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History, 2nd ed. (1999) Deutsch, Sarah No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on the Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 1987 Dysart, Jane. "Mexican Women in San Antonio, 1830-1860: The Assimilation Process" Western Historical Quarterly 7 (October 1976): 365-375. in JSTOR Echeverría, Darius V., “Aztlán Arizona: Abuses, Awareness, Animosity, and Activism amid Mexican-Americans, 1968–1978” PhD dissertation (Temple University, 2006). Order No. DA3211867. Fregoso; Rosa Linda. Mexicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands (2003) Garcia, Ignacio M. Viva Kennedy: Mexican Americans in Search of Camelot, Texas A&M University Press, 2000. 227pp and online search from Amazon.com.