Major League Baseball

300px|thumb|Numărul 42 al lui Jackie Robinson, retras din MLB în 1997

Major League Baseball (MLB) este o ligă sportivă de baseball profesionist pentru echipe din Statele Unite ale Americii și Canada. Echipele participante sunt împărțite în două conferințe: American League și National League. Datând din 1901 și 1876 respectiv, cele două ligi au fuzionat în anul 2000 într-o singură organizație condusă de Comisarul baseballului, după un secol de separare.

MLB este una dintre ligile sportive majore profesioniste ale Statelor Unite și Canadei. Ea e compusă din 30 de echipe, 29 dintre care fiind din Statele Unite, și una din Canada. Echipele din MLB joacă în fiecare sezon câte 162 de meciuri, pe durata a 6 luni (aprilie-septembrie). Câte șase echipe dintre cele 15 ale fiecărei ligi componente avansează în runda următoare, play-off, care culminează cu World Series, un turneu-duel de tip cel mai bun din 7 jocuri dintre cele două campioane ale ligilor, o practică ce datează din 1903.

Campioane Recorduri World SeriesEchipaNumărul de trofeeUltimul titluFinale jucateNew York Yankees † (AL)27200941St. Louis Cardinals † (NL)11201119Los Angeles Dodgers † (NL)9202523Oakland Athletics † (AL)9198914Boston Red Sox † (AL)9201813San Francisco Giants † (NL)8201420Cincinnati Reds (NL)519909Pittsburgh Pirates (NL)519797Atlanta Braves † (NL)4202110Detroit Tigers (AL)4198411Chicago Cubs (NL)3201611Baltimore Orioles † (AL)319837Minnesota Twins † (AL)319916Chicago White Sox † (AL)320055Philadelphia Phillies (NL)220087Cleveland Indians † (AL)219486New York Mets (NL) *219865Kansas City Royals (AL) *220154Toronto Blue Jays (AL) *219933Miami Marlins † (NL) *220032Houston Astros † (din NL în AL, 2013) *220224 [AL] 1 [NL]Texas Rangers † (AL) *120233Arizona Diamondbacks (NL) *120012Los Angeles Angels † (AL) *120021Washington Nationals † (NL) *120191San Diego Padres (NL) *0 2Tampa Bay Rays † (AL) *0 2Milwaukee Brewers † (AL to NL, 1998) *0 1 [AL]Colorado Rockies (NL) *0 1‡ Seattle Mariners (AL) *0 0 AL=American League (67 de victorii) NL=National League (52 de victorii) * s-au alăturat Major Leagues după 1960 (9 victorii în 19 World Series din 48, începând cu 1960) † Include totalul palmaresului echipei înainte de mutare în alt oraș sau sub un alt nume ‡ Nu a jucat încă în World Series. Sursa: MLB.com

În cazul în care sezonul regulat se termină după prima duminică din octombrie (sau în ultima duminică din septembrie), zece echipe intră în playoff post-sezon. Șase echipe sunt campioanele diviziilor, restul patru vin după un "wild-card"- câte două echipe din fiecare serie, care au cele mai bune rezultate, dar nu sunt campioni divizionari. Patru runde din seria de jocuri sunt jucate pentru a determina campioana:

Wild Card Game, un joc play-off între două echipe wild-card din fiecare ligă American League Division Series și National League Division Series, fiecare cea mai bună din 5 jocuri. American League Championship Series și National League Championship Series, fiecare cea mai bună din 7 meciuri jucate între triumfătoarele din ALDS and NLDS. World Series, cel mai bun din 7 meciuri jucate între câștigătoarele din fiecare ligă

Echipele Divizia Echipa Oraș/Regiune Stadion Fondată Afiliere Note American League East</span>Baltimore Orioles Former Milwaukee Brewers (Western League 1894–1899) 1900–1901; St. Louis Browns 1902–1953Baltimore, MDOriole Park at Camden Yards 1894 1901Boston Red Sox Known as the Boston Americans until 1907Boston, MAFenway Park 1901New York Yankees Former Baltimore Orioles 1901–1902; New York Highlanders 1903–1912New York, NYYankee Stadium 1901Tampa Bay Rays Known as the Devil Rays until 2008St. Petersburg, FLTropicana Field 1998Toronto Blue JaysToronto, ONRogers Centre 1977 CentralChicago White Sox Former Sioux City Cornhuskers (Western League) 1894; St. Paul Saints (WL) 1895–1899; played in AL West 1969–1993Chicago, ILU.S. Cellular Field 1894 1901Cleveland Indians Former Grand Rapids Rustlers (Western League) 1894–1899; Cleveland Blues 1900–1902; Cleveland Naps 1903–1914; played in AL East 1969–1993Cleveland, OHProgressive Field 1894 1901Detroit TigersDetroit, MIComerica Park 1894 1901Kansas City RoyalsKansas City, MOKauffman Stadium 1969Minnesota Twins Former Kansas City Blues (Western League) 1894–1900; Washington Senators 1901–1960; played in AL West 1969–1993Minneapolis, MNTarget Field 1894 1901West</span>Houston Astros Renamed from Houston Colt .45's in 1965; played in NL West 1969–1993, NL Central 1994-2012, moved to AL West in 2013 as part of realignmentHouston, TXMinute Maid Park 1962 (NL) 2013 (AL)Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Known as the Los Angeles Angels from 1961–1965; California Angels from 1965–1996; Anaheim Angels from 1997–2004Anaheim, CAAngel Stadium of Anaheim 1961Oakland Athletics Previously located in Philadelphia through 1954 and in Kansas City from 1955–1967Oakland, CAO.co Coliseum 1901Seattle MarinersSeattle, WASafeco Field 1977Texas Rangers Former Washington Senators, played in AL East 1969–71Arlington, TXRangers Ballpark in Arlington 1961 National League EastAtlanta Braves Originally Boston until 1952. In Boston, they were called the Braves from 1912–35 & from 1941–52 and the Bees 1936–40; before 1912 they were known as the Red Stockings, Red Caps, Beaneaters, Doves, and Rustlers; Milwaukee from 1953–1965; played in NL West 1969–1993Atlanta, GATurner Field 1871 1876Miami Marlins Known as the Florida Marlins until 2011Miami, FLMarlins Park 1993New York MetsNew York, NYCiti Field 1962Citi Field, ballparks.com, retrieved on 2 noiembrie 2008.Philadelphia PhilliesPhiladelphia, PACitizens Bank Park 1883Washington Nationals Former Montreal Expos relocated after 2004 season; owned by Major League Baseball from 2002–2004Washington, D.C.Nationals Park 1969 CentralChicago CubsChicago, ILWrigley Field 1870 1876Cincinnati RedsCincinnati, OHGreat American Ball Park 1882 1890Milwaukee Brewers Former Seattle Pilots (AL West) 1969; played in AL West through 1971, AL East 1972–1993, AL Central 1994–1997Milwaukee, WIMiller Park 1969 (AL) 1998 (NL)Pittsburgh PiratesPittsburgh, PAPNC Park 1882 1887St. Louis Cardinals Former St. Louis Brown Stockings 1882 (American Association); St. Louis Browns 1883–1898 (AA 1883–1891); St. Louis Perfectos 1899St. Louis, MOBusch Stadium 1882 1892 West</span>Arizona DiamondbacksPhoenix, AZChase Field 1998Colorado RockiesDenver, COCoors Field 1993Los Angeles Dodgers Located in Brooklyn, New York until 1957. Before 1931, they were known as the Atlantics, Grays, Bridegrooms, Grooms, Superbas, Trolley Dodgers, Dodgers, and Robins.Los Angeles, CADodger Stadium 1883 1890San Diego PadresSan Diego, CAPetco Park 1969San Francisco Giants Located in New York until 1957San Francisco, CAAT&T Park 1883

Note

Referințe și note

Bibliografie Banner, Stuart. The Baseball Trust: A History of Baseball's Antitrust Exemption. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Bouton, Jim. Ball Four: My Life and Hard Times Throwing the Knuckleball in the Major Leagues. World Publishing Company, 1970. Buchanan, Lamont, The World Series and Highlights of Baseball, E. P. Dutton & Company, 1951. Cohen, Richard M., Neft, David, Johnson, Roland T., Deutsch, Jordan A., The World Series, 1976, Dial Press. Deutsch, Jordan A., Cohen, Richard M., Neft, David, Johnson, Roland T., The Scrapbook History of Baseball, Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1975. James, Bill. The Historical Baseball Abstract. New York: Villard, 1985 (with many subsequent editions). Lanigan, Ernest, Baseball Cyclopedia, 1922, originally published by Baseball Magazine. Lansch, Jerry, Glory Fades Away: The Nineteenth Century World Series Rediscovered, Taylor Publishing, 1991. ISBN 0-87833-726-1. Murphy, Cait. Crazy '08: How a Cast of Cranks, Rogues, Boneheads, and Magnates Created the Greatest Year in Baseball History. New York: Smithsonian Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-06-088937-1. Okkonen, Marc. Baseball Uniforms of the 20th Century: The Official Major League Baseball Guide, 1991. Ritter, Lawrence. The Glory of their Times. New York: MacMillan, 1966. Revised edition, New York: William Morrow, 1984. Ross, Brian. "Band of Brothers". Minor League News, 6 aprilie 2005. Available at Minor League News . Seymour, Harold. Baseball: The Early Years. 2v. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960. ISBN 0-19-500100-1. Turkin, Hy, and Thompson, S.C., The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball, 1951, A.S. Barnes and Company Tygiel, Jules. Past Time: Baseball as History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-514604-2. The New York Times, The Complete Book of Baseball: A Scrapbook History, 1980, Bobbs Merrill.

Legături externe

ArmchairGM MLB Portal Ballparks.com Baseball History Site Baseball Prospectus Baseball Think Factory Boxscore Archive contains official play-by-play and boxscores since 2002. ESPN Baseball Index ESPN Video Archive: Major League Baseball Pitch In For Baseball – A MLB and MLB International partner charity The Baseball Page Urban Youth Academy (MLB) "MLB, China Baseball League Team to Tour China", VOAnews.com, Mar. 3, 2005. Voice of America.

Categorie:Baseball Categorie:Competiții sportive Categorie:Competiții sportive din Statele Unite ale Americii